Effects of Salinity,Commercial Salts,and Water Type on Cultivation of the Cryptophyte Microalgae Rhodomonas salina and the Calanoid Copepod Acartia tonsa

Marine aquaculture facilities positioned far from the sea need access to seawater (SW); hence, commercial salts are often the chosen solution. In marine hatcheries, most fish larvae require live feed (zooplankton) that are in turn fed with microalgae. The objective of this research was to investigate the applicability of commercial salts and clarify the potential effects on the cultivation of the microalga Rhodomonas salina and the copepod Acartia tonsa. Three commercial salts were tested, Red Sea Salt (RS), Red Sea – Coral Pro Salt (CP), and Blue Treasure Salt. R. salina was cultured at salinities of 10, 20, and 30 psu resulting in equal growth rates at salinities 20 and 30 in SW and RS mixed with deionized (DI) water. The optimum salinity for R. salina was 29 psu. For A. tonsa eggs, we observed highest hatching success in 30 psu with CP or RS mixed with DI water. The egg hatching success was not affected by salinities 15–40 and optimal hatching was obtained at 27 psu. Results confirm it was possible to use commercial salts for rearing of both R. salina and A. tonsa, widening the application of these species for aquaculture facilities without access to SW.     

切轴流式双滚筒大豆种子脱粒机设计与试验

为解决大豆种子脱粒损伤率高和脱净率低的矛盾,提出了钉齿式副滚筒切流预脱、弓齿与钉齿相间组合排列的主滚筒轴流脱粒、切轴流式双滚筒组合脱粒方案,进行了脱粒关键部件结构与参数设计,采用直径较小而短的副滚筒完成大豆植株的打击、抓取和拖带等切流预脱,主脱粒滚筒与副滚筒同向等速且轴向长度和直径均较大,由弓齿与钉齿组合而成,进行大豆的轴流脱粒;设计了样机并进行了脱粒性能试验。采用二次回归正交旋转中心组合优化试验方法,分别建立大豆脱粒损伤率、未脱净率与喂入量、主滚筒转速和主滚筒脱粒间隙关系的回归数学模型,利用Design-Expert 8.0软件对该模型进行优化求解得到最佳参数组合,试验结果表明:在大豆籽粒含水率为17%~19%、秸秆含水率为12%~15%、大豆草谷比1.275条件下,当喂入量为0.44 kg/s、主滚筒转速为489 r/min、主滚筒脱粒间隙为25.06 mm时,大豆脱粒损伤率为1.18%、未脱净率为0.65%;与传统大豆脱粒机相比可使脱粒损伤率和未脱净率分别降低0.22个百分点和0.38个百分点。     

立式轴流泵装置进水流道出口流态与脉动试验分析

进水流道出口流态是影响立式轴流泵装置运行稳定性的关键因素之一,基于立式轴流泵装置整体物理模型,采用在肘形进水流道出口段壁面布置丝状红线和压力脉动传感器,研究分析了不同转速时立式轴流泵装置肘形进水流道出口段的流态及压力脉动变化规律。结果表明,当流量小于0.7Qbep时肘形进水流道出口段内壁面的丝线偏移方向与叶轮旋转方向相同,各测点的脉动幅值均随转速的增加而增加;当流量大于0.7Qbep时肘形进水流道出口段内壁面的丝线偏移方向与泵轴方向相同,各测点的脉动幅值随转速的增加而减小。相同转速时,各测点的脉动幅值随流量的增大先减小后增大,在最优工况时脉动幅值最小。不同转速下,流道出口各测点的脉动主频均为4倍转频,最优工况时各测点的脉动次主频均为1倍转频。随转速增加,肘形进水流道出口段各测点主频幅值的增幅存在差异性,小流量工况时各测点的脉动主频幅值增幅小于最优工况和大流量工况。     

基于多指标评价和分形维数的坡耕地优先流定量分析

以重庆紫色砂岩区坡耕地田间染色示踪试验为基础,采用形态学和统计学方法,对3种坡耕地土壤剖面染色图像进行指标提取,运用多指标评价法确定了优先流指数PFI,并结合几何学中的分形理论,定量评价了土壤优先流的发育程度。结果表明:6个优先流特征指标(优先流区染色面积比、基质入渗深度、优先流分数、长度指数、峰值指数和变异系数)均表现出南瓜地和柑橘地的优先流程度高于玉米地;优先流指数PFI由大到小为南瓜地(0.88)、柑橘地(0.77)、玉米地(0);通过Fractal Fox 2.0软件计算得到的优先流湿润峰迹线分形维数由大到小为南瓜地、柑橘地、玉米地。与土壤优先流指数PFI进行比较,所得结果基本一致,说明利用分形维数来评价土壤优先流发育程度是准确可行的。     

灌溉管网非恒定流计算机实现方法

为了研究灌溉管网非恒定流计算机实现方法,基于非恒定流的基本原理及其特征线(MOC)解法,探讨了采用节支关联表和支节关联表建立管网结构信息,并对管网数据进行储存、计算和结果输出的方法,在计算过程中通过数组储存不同的节点类型及管网参数供计算机调用。通过实例对典型喷灌管网的非恒定流过程进行了计算并分析。结果表明,该方法储存管网结构信息简单方便,计算机能够快速识别节点类型并调用相应的边界条件子程序,本方法可用于复杂灌溉管网的非恒定流建模与分析。     

生物柴油搅拌装置的设计

生物柴油制备器械很多,但制备过程中油料预混合及配套加热器械却很少。为了进一步完善现今这一领域的不足,设计了一种适用于生物柴油的油料搅拌装置。为此,阐述了该装置的主要结构、工作原理和主要技术参数,并以200r/min的转速为标准,运用gambit进行图形绘制和网格划分,采用fluent软件对该机内部流场进行仿真分析,验证了其转速的合理性。基于STC89C51单片机和DS18B20的温度传感技术,设计了一种温度控制装置,可在生物柴油制备过程中使油料更好地进行预混合和加热,从而提高了生物柴油的制备效率和质量,减少了操作时间。     

秸杆栽培食用菌拮抗菌株的鉴定及混菌发酵条件的优化

从海洋泥样和食用菌发酵料中分离出了32个菌株,从中筛选出了既具有较高的纤维素酶活性又具有对青霉(Penicillium spp)、木霉(Trichoderma spp.)、根霉(Rhizopus)、曲霉(Aspergillus spp)、毛霉(Mucro)较强拮抗能力的W-4、W-10、N-14三个菌株。经鉴定W-4、W-10分别属于放线菌中黄色节杆菌(Arthrobacter flavescens)和石灰壤诺卡氏菌(Nocardia calcarea),N-14属于细菌中的乳酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus lactis)。通过正交试验对上述3个菌株混合发酵条件进行优化,确定在温度35℃、时间36h、pH7.5、装液量60ml/250ml时为最适发酵条件。在此条件下3个菌株混合发酵液纤维素酶活力仍然很高。同时混合发酵液对青霉、曲霉、毛霉、木霉、根霉的拮抗能力分别为单菌株发酵液的1.79倍、1.36倍、1.29倍、1.04倍、1.07倍。     

Information extraction and dynamic evaluation of soil salinization with a remote sensing method in a typical county on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

Monitoring the dynamics of soil salinization is of great importance for agricultural production. This study selected Yucheng County, a typical county on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain (HHHP) of China, as the study area and evaluated the spatial and temporal variation of soil salinization. Three methods, consisting of principal component analysis (PCA) transformation, tasseled cap (TC) transformation, and optimal band combination (OBC), were used to extract information from an early Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) image from 1984, and their advantages were compared. In addition, OBC was used on a thematic mapper (TM) image from 2009. An iteratively self-organizing data analysis algorithm was used together with prior knowledge of likely classifications to interpret the MSS and TM images for data classification. Finally, a transfer matrix method was used to assess the spatial and temporal variability of soil salinization and analyze the driving factors of soil salinization. Compared to PCA transformation and OBC, TC transformation was a more effective method for extracting soil salinization information from the MSS sensor. The results indicate that a soil area of approximately 298 km² was affected by salinity in 1984 in Yucheng County, of which 5.40%, 11.96%, and 12.75% were classified as being subject to slight, moderate, and severe salinization, respectively. In 2009, the saline area was reduced to only 146 km², of which 10.70% and 3.75% were characterized by slight to moderate salinization and no severe salinization, respectively. The saline land decreased at an average rate of 6 km² per year. This decrease was probably a result of lower groundwater depth, increased organic fertilizer or crop straw in soil, changed land use type, and increased vegetation coverage.     

苜蓿秸秆压缩仿真离散元模型参数标定

为了提高苜蓿秸秆压缩过程中离散元仿真研究所用参数的准确度,该研究采用物理试验和仿真优化设计相结合的方法对离散元仿真参数进行标定。首先,以接触参数物理试验结果为仿真参数选择依据,利用Plackett-Burman试验对初始参数进行显著性筛选,方差分析结果表明,苜蓿秸秆-苜蓿秸秆静摩擦系数、苜蓿秸秆-苜蓿秸秆滚动摩擦系数、苜蓿秸秆-45钢静摩擦系数对仿真休止角影响显著。进一步以休止角的相对误差值为评价指标,对3个显著性参数进行最陡爬坡试验,优化显著性参数取值范围,并基于Box-Behnken试验建立休止角与显著性参数的二阶回归模型,以物理试验得到的38.88°休止角为目标值,对显著性参数进行寻优,得到最优组合:苜蓿秸秆-苜蓿秸秆静摩擦系数为0.45、苜蓿秸秆-苜蓿秸秆滚动摩擦系数为0.08、苜蓿秸秆-45钢的静摩擦系数为0.54。最后利用T检验得到P0.05,表明仿真休止角与物理试验值无显著性差异,验证了最优参数组合的可靠性。研究结果表明,应用上述各优化试验来标定离散元仿真参数是可行的,同时标定的参数可为苜蓿秸秆的其它仿真试验提供参考。     

基于广义回归神经网络的灌溉系统首部多用户配水快速PID控制

针对多用户配水状态下灌区流量、压力需求变化范围大,传统流量、压力控制响应速度慢等问题,建立适用于多用户灌区配水的灌溉系统首部控制技术。该研究通过分析供水系统流量、压力调节方式,提出了流量、压力PID(Proportion Integration Differentiation)耦合调节方法,建立以电动阀开度为流量控制量、变频器频率为压力控制量对流量和压力进行调控的灌溉首部控制系统。为了减少系统的调节时间,提高系统的运行效率,采用广义回归神经网络(Generalized Regression Neural Network,GRNN)建立流量、压力和电动阀控制模拟量、变频器控制模拟量间的预测模型,形成神经网络PID控制模型(GRNN_PID),并进行模型精度和控制精度验证。GRNN训练结果显示,变频器控制模拟量的相对误差为0.11%～3.86%,电动阀控制模拟量相对误差为0.09%～5.74%,模型精度较高。使用3个调节过程模拟3个用户的需水行为对模型进行验证,结果表明,GRNN_PID模型3个过程的调节时间分别为11.6、10.7和7.2 s,PID模型3个过程的调节时间分别为31.7、29.6和16.9 s,GRNN_PID模型大幅减少了系统的调节时间,提高了系统的运行效率;分别计算了2种模型的控制精度,GRNN_PID调节方法和传统PID调节方法的稳态流量和压力误差都在1%以内,最大超调量为8%,控制精度较高但相差不大,表明GRNN是从策略上加速系统调节速度,其本身并没有对PID的参数进行调整,因此对系统的控制精度影响不大。研究可为灌溉系统流量压力快速控制提供参考。